Starlink

Starlink is a satellite internet constellation operated by SpaceX, designed to provide high-speed broadband internet access globally, with a focus on remote and underserved regions. The project aims to offer persistent connectivity by deploying a large network of satellites in low Earth orbit.

The constellation consists of many small satellites in low Earth orbit. They operate primarily in the Ku-band and Ka-band, with some satellites equipped for inter-satellite laser links to relay data between spacecraft, reducing dependence on ground relays. Satellites use krypton-powered propulsion systems for in-orbit maneuvers and attitude control.

Communications pass between user terminals on the ground, SpaceX ground stations, and satellites. The user terminal, commonly referred to as a Starlink dish, is a flat, electronically steerable antenna paired with a router. Terminals automatically track and connect to appropriate satellites as they move across the sky, enabling broadband connectivity at locations with limited terrestrial infrastructure.

Service history and availability: Starlink began a limited beta in the United States and Canada in the early rollout and has since expanded to many other countries and regions, with ongoing satellite launches to extend coverage. The service is provided on a commercial basis with subscription plans and varies by location.

Applications and context: Starlink targets residential broadband, as well as maritime and aviation contexts where traditional connectivity is limited or unavailable. It is intended to complement existing networks and provide redundancy and new coverage options.

Challenges and considerations: the large, fast-moving constellation raises concerns about space debris and visibility of satellites, which can affect astronomical observations. SpaceX has pursued mitigation measures, including reducing brightness of satellites and studying deorbit and traffic management strategies.

As of the mid-2020s, Starlink continues to deploy additional satellites and refine user equipment in pursuit of broader global coverage and improved service quality.