Spéculums

Spéculums, or specula, are medical instruments used to widen a body opening to permit direct visualization and examination. They enable clinicians to inspect mucosal surfaces, collect samples for cytology or culture, insert instruments, or perform minor procedures with the area held open. The term comes from Latin speculum, a device for looking at.

Types and uses: The most common are vaginal specula, designed to open the vaginal walls to view the cervix. They come in two-blade (duckbill) designs such as Graves or Pederson, and in other shapes. Rectal, nasal, and ear specula are used for examinations of their respective cavities, with sizes tailored to patient anatomy. Pediatric and adult variants differ in length and opening width.

Materials and design: Specula may be metal (stainless steel or aluminum) for repeated sterilization or single-use plastic. Modern devices may include integrated illumination, ergonomic handles, and smooth blade edges to reduce trauma. The choice of shape and size depends on the clinical goal and patient comfort.

Use and safety: In practice, specula are used with lubrication and sterile technique. The instrument is inserted gradually and opened under visualization, with care to avoid discomfort and tissue injury. After use, metal devices are cleaned and sterilized according to local protocols; disposable plastic units are discarded.

Regulation and history: Specula are regulated medical devices subject to sterilization, labeling, and safety standards. Modern vaginal specula were developed during the 19th and 20th centuries, with ongoing refinements to improve safety, ergonomics, and ease of use.