Spéculum

Spéculum (French term; in English, speculum) is a medical instrument used to examine internal body cavities by gently widening an opening to allow visualization and access for instruments. The name derives from the Latin speculum, meaning mirror or instrument for viewing, reflecting its function of enabling inspection of hidden surfaces.

In medical practice, spéculums are employed across several specialties. The most familiar use is in gynecology, with vaginal and cervical examination. They are also used in proctology to examine the rectal canal, in otolaryngology to inspect nasal passages or the ear canal, and in urology for urethral examination. Similar devices are used in veterinary medicine to facilitate clinical assessment.

Designs vary by application but share the core principle of opening a passage to permit viewing. Common forms include two-bladed, duckbill-type vaginal specula and single-blade designs for other sites. Materials range from stainless steel to disposable plastics; many are autoclavable, while some are intended for single use. Some models include illumination or a reflecting surface to aid visibility. Proper lubrication and gentle handling are standard to minimize discomfort and tissue trauma, and strict sterilization or single-use protocols are followed to prevent infection.

Historically, the spéculum has a long lineage in medical examination and has been refined over centuries to improve ergonomics, safety, and hygiene. It remains a standard instrument in many clinical examinations to provide access for inspection, sampling, or instrumentation.