Spondylolisthese

Spondylolisthesis is a spinal condition characterized by the forward displacement or slipping of one vertebra over the one beneath it. This abnormal movement can occur at any level of the spine but is most common in the lumbar region, particularly between L4 and L5. The degree of slippage varies and is classified into grades, ranging from mild (Grade I) to severe (Grade IV or V).

The condition can result from various causes, including congenital defects, factors such as trauma or injury, degenerative changes associated with aging, or a defect in the pars interarticularis, a small segment of bone connecting facets in the vertebra. In some cases, spondylolisthesis may develop without an apparent cause, termed idiopathic.

Symptoms may include lower back pain, muscle tightness, leg pain (sciatica), numbness, or weakness in the legs, especially if nerve compression occurs. However, some individuals remain asymptomatic and discover the condition incidentally during imaging.

Diagnosis is primarily made through imaging studies such as X-rays, MRI, or CT scans, which help assess the extent of vertebral slippage and any nerve impingement.

Treatment options depend on symptom severity and the degree of slippage. Conservative management includes physical therapy, pain relief medications, activity modification, and bracing. In severe cases or when neurological deficits are present, surgical intervention such as spinal fusion or decompression may be recommended to stabilize the spine and relieve nerve compression.

Prognosis varies with the severity of the condition and response to treatment. Many individuals with mild spondylolisthesis achieve good outcomes with conservative therapy, while severe cases may require surgery for optimal recovery.