Specificdefinite

Specificdefinite, or the specific definite, is a term used in linguistic semantics and pragmatics to describe a subclass of definite noun phrases whose reference is intended to be a particular, discourse-salient entity. In this reading, the speaker relies on the addressee’s ability to identify the referent from the context or prior discourse, beyond mere uniqueness in the world.

The concept is often contrasted with generic definites and with indefinites. In some theoretical frameworks, it is distinguished from a plain definite by adding a layer of specificity: the NP denotes a referent that is not only identifiable but also intended as the precise object under discussion. Some analyses separate a semantic layer for identity from a pragmatic layer for salience, treating specificity as a property of use as well as of reference.

Examples help illustrate the idea. In a room with many chairs, saying The chair is uncomfortable can convey a specific definite reading if both speakers know which chair is being referred to. After introducing a particular chair—I sat in the chair by the window—the subsequent The chair squeaked carries a specific definite reading aligned with the identifiable chair in question. In contrast, the same phrase in a broader, non-discussed context might be interpreted non-specifically.

Cross-linguistic work shows variability in how specificity interacts with definiteness. Some languages mark specificity with demonstratives or distinct articles, while others rely more on discourse context. The status of specific definite readings remains a topic of debate: some theories treat specificity as an inherent semantic feature, others attribute it to discourse structure or presupposition.

See also: definiteness, definite noun phrases, presupposition, referential expression.