Spaceframe

Space frame is a 3D truss-like framework composed of straight members connected at joints to form a lattice. It is designed to carry loads primarily through axial compression and tension in the members, producing a high stiffness-to-weight ratio. The geometry typically uses tetrahedral and/or octahedral modules that distribute forces in three dimensions. The resulting framework can span large areas without interior columns and can form curved or faceted surfaces.

Materials commonly used include high-strength steel, aluminum alloys, and fiber-reinforced composites; members are often fabricated off-site and connected by bolted, welded, or pin joints. In some systems, joints are designed to be rigid; in others, members are pinned to permit some rotation. Modular space frames can be prefabricated and assembled on site, offering advantages in build speed and quality control.

Design and analysis rely on space-truss theory and numerical methods such as finite element analysis. Key considerations include joint geometry, member numbering, and tolerance control to preserve alignment and load paths. The space frame is particularly suited for roofs of stadiums and airports, exhibition halls, hangars, and other large-span buildings, as well as aerospace and marine structures.

History and usage: the concept emerged in the 20th century with architects and engineers exploring light, efficient frames; Buckminster Fuller popularized 3D truss concepts and geodesic forms that influenced space-frame thinking. Variants include rigid lattice frames and pin-jointed space trusses.