Soluvõrgu

Soluvõrk, or cellular network, is a telecommunications system that divides a service area into small geographic cells. Each cell is served by a fixed transmitter and antenna, which communicates with mobile devices within its coverage. The design relies on frequency reuse, allowing many cells to use the same spectrum in different locations to increase capacity and efficiency while keeping interference in check.

A soluvõrk typically consists of the radio access network and the core network, linked by backhaul connections. The radio access part includes base stations and controllers that manage the air interface, signaling, and handovers as users move. The core network handles switching, authentication, billing, and interconnection with fixed networks and other mobile networks. Modern networks use evolved terminology, such as eNodeB for 4G and gNodeB for 5G, reflecting the shift to more flexible and software-driven architectures.

Cellular networks have evolved through several generations. 1G was analog voice, 2G digital voice and basic data, 3G provided wider mobile data access, 4G LTE delivered high-speed mobile broadband, and 5G enables very high throughput, lower latency, and large-scale device connectivity. Deployments increasingly use a mix of spectrum bands and denser cell layouts to meet growing data demand and urban coverage requirements.

Key operational features include handover between cells, spectrum management, security, and roaming. Planning must consider coverage, capacity, interference, and backhaul availability. Backhaul options include fibre, microwave, or other transport links. Cell types range from macro cells with broad coverage to micro, pico, and femto cells used to boost capacity indoors or in dense areas. Soluvõrk underpins mobile voice and data services and supports emerging Internet of Things applications such as NB-IoT and LTE-M in newer networks.