Sienimyrkkyjä

Sienimyrkkyjä, or mushroom toxins, are toxic chemical compounds produced by certain species of fungi. Ingestion of these toxins can cause a range of adverse health effects in humans and animals, from mild gastrointestinal upset to severe organ damage and even death. The severity and type of poisoning depend on the specific toxin, the amount ingested, and the individual's susceptibility.

Common types of mushroom toxins include amatoxins, gyromitrins, orellanine, and muscarine. Amatoxins, found in death cap and destroying angel mushrooms, are particularly dangerous as they inhibit RNA polymerase, leading to liver and kidney failure. Gyromitrins, present in false morels, are metabolized to monomethylhydrazine, a component of rocket fuel, which can cause neurological symptoms and liver damage. Orellanine, found in some Cortinarius species, causes delayed kidney failure. Muscarine, present in some Inocybe and Clitocybe species, affects the nervous system, causing symptoms like sweating, salivation, and slowed heart rate.

Mushroom poisoning is often accidental, occurring when poisonous mushrooms are mistaken for edible varieties. Identification of mushrooms requires expert knowledge, and even experienced foragers can make mistakes. Symptoms of poisoning can appear rapidly or be delayed for many hours or even days, making diagnosis and treatment challenging.

Treatment for mushroom poisoning typically involves supportive care, such as intravenous fluids and electrolyte management. In some cases, activated charcoal may be used to absorb toxins from the digestive tract. Specific antidotes exist for certain toxins, but for many, treatment focuses on managing symptoms and supporting organ function. Prevention is key, and it is strongly advised to only consume mushrooms that have been positively identified as edible by an expert.