Shapin

Shapin refers to a concept in the sociology of scientific knowledge. It is primarily associated with the work of historian and sociologist of science Steven Shapin. Shapin's work often focuses on understanding how scientific knowledge is constructed, accepted, and maintained within specific social and historical contexts. He is known for his emphasis on the practical and contingent nature of scientific truths, arguing that what counts as "science" or "knowledge" is not a simple reflection of an objective reality but is shaped by the communities that produce and use it.

One of Shapin's most influential ideas is the "Mertonian norms" critique, where he and others have argued that the idealized view of science as purely objective and value-free is an insufficient explanation for scientific practice. Instead, Shapin's research, often employing historical case studies, highlights how factors such as trust, patronage, political influence, and the social identities of scientists play crucial roles in the development and acceptance of scientific claims. He has explored how scientific facts are "made" through social processes, including experimentation, negotiation, and persuasion. His work encourages a deeper understanding of the social world in which science is embedded.