Seadusakt

Seadusakt is an Estonian term that refers to a formal legislative act enacted by the country's legislative body, the Riigikogu. It functions as an instrument for creating, amending, or repealing laws and is considered a primary source of Estonian public law. The term is equivalent to "statute" or "law act" in English and distinguishes itself from other legal instruments such as ordinances (korraldusakt) or regulations (seadusjärgnev määrus), which are subordinate to seadusakti.

The process of adopting a seadusakt begins with the introduction of a bill, which may originate from the government, a parliamentary committee, or individual members of the Riigikogu. The draft must pass through several readings, including a detailed examination by relevant committees. Public consultation is commonly conducted to gather input from experts, stakeholders, and the general public. After the final parliamentary vote, a majority approval is required for the bill to become law. Once approved, the act is promulgated by the President and published in the Riigi Teataja, the official journal of the Republic of Estonia. Effective dates are specified within the act or, if absent, the act comes into force thirty days after publication.

Seadusakti are categorized broadly into constitutional law, civil law, criminal law, administrative law, and others, following the subject matter they regulate. Each category is governed by specific procedural rules outlined in the Estonian Constitution and the Public Administration Act. Seadusakti thus form the backbone of all legal frameworks in Estonia, and their proper drafting and application are vital for the rule of law and the protection of citizens’ rights.