Scophthalmidae

Scophthalmidae is a family of flatfishes in the order Pleuronectiformes, commonly known as the turbot family. The group includes demersal species adapted to life on soft bottoms in marine environments. The most economically important member is the common turbot, Scophthalmus maximus.

Members of Scophthalmidae are characterized by a laterally compressed body with both eyes typically on the upper or eyed side of the head. The dorsal and anal fins often extend along much of the body, contributing to a rounded or oval silhouette. Like other flatfishes, they are adapted for a benthic lifestyle and tend to lie on one side with specialized coloration that provides camouflage against the substrate.

Geographic distribution is primarily in temperate waters of the Northern Hemisphere, particularly in the eastern Atlantic and surrounding seas, with ranges extending into the Mediterranean region. They inhabit continental shelf areas, often on sandy or muddy bottoms, from shallow coastal zones to deeper waters.

Ecology and biology: Scophthalmidae species are carnivorous, feeding on small fish, crustaceans, and mollusks. They exhibit their characteristic larval metamorphosis, during which one eye migrates to the opposite side of the head as the juvenile assumes a flattened, asymmetrical appearance. Reproduction is typically oviparous, with eggs and larvae forming part of the pelagic phase before settling to the bottom.

Taxonomic status within flatfish classifications has varied; some authorities treat Scophthalmidae as a distinct family within Pleuronectiformes, while others place related taxa in different families or subfamilies. Molecular studies continue to refine the phylogeny of this group.

Economically, turbots and related species support commercial fisheries and aquaculture in several regions, contributing to both food production and regional economies.