Satellittene

Satellittene is the Norwegian term for satellites, referring to both natural moons that orbit a planet and artificial objects placed into orbit by humans. Natural satellites, such as Earth's Moon and the numerous moons around Jupiter and Saturn, are part of the solar system’s history and dynamics. Artificial satellites are engineered spacecraft launched to perform a range of tasks, from communication to scientific research, navigation, and Earth observation.

Orbits are governed by gravity and orbital velocity. Common classes include low Earth orbit (LEO), up to about 2,000 kilometers above the surface; medium Earth orbit (MEO); and geostationary orbit (GEO) at about 35,786 kilometers, where a satellite’s orbital period matches Earth's rotation. Other configurations include polar, inclined, and highly elliptical orbits. Satellites require propulsion for maneuvers, attitude control for stability, power typically from solar panels, and ground support for tracking and data handling.

Applications span many sectors. Communications satellites enable television, internet, and phone services; navigation satellites support positioning systems such as GPS and Galileo; weather satellites monitor atmospheric conditions and surface changes; Earth observation satellites provide imagery for science, agriculture, and disaster response. The growth of satellite constellations has expanded global coverage but raises concerns about space debris and long-term sustainability. International law, including the Outer Space Treaty, governs the exploration and use of space, complemented by spectrum management through the ITU and national regulatory frameworks.