Sanitisers

Sanitisers are products designed to reduce, rather than eliminate, microorganisms on skin or surfaces. They are widely used to lower the risk of infection when washing with soap and water is not available or practical.

Hand sanitisers are often alcohol-based, containing about 60 to 95 percent alcohol (ethanol or isopropanol). This level of alcohol rapidly reduces many bacteria and enveloped viruses. Non-alcohol-based options may use agents such as benzalkonium chloride or chlorhexidine, but efficacy and skin tolerability vary.

Surface sanitisers and disinfectants employ similar antimicrobial chemicals, including alcohols, quaternary ammonium compounds, hydrogen peroxide, and chlorine compounds. Sanitising aims to lower microbial counts on surfaces to safe levels, while disinfectants are typically designed to kill a higher proportion of pathogens with measured contact times.

Usage and safety: For hands, rub the product over all surfaces until dry, usually 20 to 30 seconds; use only on hands free of visible dirt, and wash with soap and water if hands are dirty. Alcohol-based products are flammable and should be kept away from heat and flames. Some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions; keep away from children to prevent ingestion.

Regulation and quality: Many jurisdictions require labeling of active ingredients and concentrations, and assurance of product safety and expiry dates. Efficacy depends on formulation and correct use, and sanitisers should complement, not replace, routine handwashing and cleaning protocols.