RollonRolloff

Roll-on/roll-off, often abbreviated RO-RO, refers to a method of maritime transport in which wheeled cargo can be driven on and off the vessel using built-in ramps. This design contrasts with lift-on/lift-off ships that require cranes to move cargo. RO-RO vessels commonly include dedicated RO-RO ships and car carriers, and they operate at specialized RO-RO terminals that provide direct access between quay and vehicle decks.

Cargo carried by RO-RO vessels includes cars, trucks, trailers, buses, and heavy equipment intended to be driven or rolled into place. Cargo is typically loaded by driving it onto the ship via an internal or external ramp, then parked on one or more decks. Unloading is by reversing the process. Many RO-RO ships feature multiple vehicle decks and adjustable ramps or lifts to accommodate different vehicle heights and sizes. Some ferries operate with side ramps to permit loading from port terminals that lack stern access.

RO-RO ships come in several forms, including pure car carriers optimized for automotive cargo and RO-RO ferries designed to carry both vehicles and passengers. The ships are designed to minimize handling and to secure and segregate cargo efficiently, with emphasis on weight distribution and vehicle stowage.

Advantages of RO-RO transport include fast loading and unloading, reduced reliance on cranes and stevedores, and lower risk of handling damage to vehicles. Limitations include the need for specialized port infrastructure, restrictions to wheeled cargo, and safety considerations such as fire protection and stable storage.

See also roll-on/roll-off, car carrier, freight transport.