Riigikirja

Riigikirja refers to the official register of citizens in Estonia, serving as the primary database for identifying and verifying the identity of individuals residing in the country. Established in 2002, it is a key component of Estonia’s digital identity infrastructure, enabling secure and efficient government services, elections, and legal transactions.

The Riigikirja is maintained by the Estonian Population Register and Information Board (Eesti Rahvastikuregistri ja Infosüsteemi Amet), an agency under the Ministry of the Interior. It contains essential personal information such as names, dates of birth, places of residence, and unique identification numbers (personal identification codes, or *isikukood*). These codes are 11-digit alphanumeric sequences assigned to every citizen at birth or upon obtaining Estonian citizenship, ensuring each individual has a distinct and permanent identifier.

Access to the Riigikirja is strictly regulated to protect privacy and security. Authorized entities, including government agencies, financial institutions, and healthcare providers, can verify an individual’s identity through the system, often via digital signatures or electronic identification cards. The register also supports remote authentication, allowing citizens to access services online without physical presence.

Beyond administrative functions, the Riigikirja plays a role in elections by confirming voter eligibility and ensuring the integrity of electoral processes. Its integration with other digital systems, such as the e-Residency program, further enhances Estonia’s reputation as a leader in e-governance and digital innovation. The system is designed to be resilient, with regular updates to counter fraud and maintain accuracy.