Redistributive

Redistributive is an adjective used in economics and public policy to describe policies, programs, or measures that aim to alter the distribution of income or wealth within a society. Redistributive policy seeks to reduce inequality by transferring resources from higher-income individuals or groups to lower-income individuals or groups, often through government action. These measures can be universal or targeted and may involve taxes, public spending, subsidies, or the provision of public services.

Mechanisms commonly associated with redistributive policy include progressive income taxation, social security and welfare programs, subsidized healthcare and education, housing assistance, and cash or in-kind transfers. Some systems experiment with guarantees such as universal basic income or negative income tax. Redistributive policies may be designed to address poverty, provide a basic standard of living, or promote social cohesion, and they can function as preventive or restorative interventions, depending on design and goals.

Debate over redistributive policy centers on trade-offs between equity and efficiency, including concerns about reducing incentives to work, dampening economic growth, or creating administrative costs and dependency. Supporters argue redistributive measures can promote equal opportunity and social stability, while opponents emphasize unintended consequences and fiscal constraints. Effectiveness often depends on program design, targeting accuracy, generosity, duration, and the broader policy and economic context.