Rectectomy

Rectectomy refers to the surgical removal of all or part of the rectum. The rectum is the final section of the large intestine, terminating at the anus. This procedure is typically performed to treat diseases affecting the rectum, most commonly rectal cancer. Other indications can include inflammatory bowel diseases like ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease, rectal prolapse, or severe trauma.

The type of rectectomy performed depends on the extent of the disease and the location of the tumor or affected tissue. There are several surgical approaches, including open surgery, laparoscopic surgery, and robotic-assisted surgery. In an anterior resection, a portion of the rectum is removed, and the remaining bowel is reconnected. A total mesorectal excision (TME) is a more extensive procedure that removes the rectum along with the surrounding fatty tissue and lymph nodes. In some cases, a permanent colostomy or ileostomy may be necessary, where a stoma is created on the abdomen to divert waste into a collection bag.

Recovery from rectectomy varies based on the surgical approach and the individual patient's health. Potential risks and complications include infection, bleeding, bowel obstruction, and changes in bowel function. Post-operative care often involves pain management, dietary modifications, and sometimes chemotherapy or radiation therapy. The goal of rectectomy is to remove diseased tissue while preserving as much rectal function as possible and achieving oncological clearance for cancer patients.