QUOTATION

A quotation is the reproduction of someone else's exact words, offered with attribution. Quoted material is often enclosed in quotation marks and distinguished from paraphrase, which rewords the original in one’s own language.

Direct quotations reproduce wording verbatim; indirect quotations (reported speech) render the meaning without exact wording and may adjust tense or pronouns. For longer passages, writers use block quotes—indented, often without quotation marks.

Punctuation and capitalization around quotation marks vary by style. In American usage, periods and commas usually go inside closing quotation marks; in some British styles, punctuation may follow the source. Nested quotations switch between marks (for example, "He said, '...'."). Ellipses show omissions; brackets add clarifications.

Attribution is essential. Always verify exact wording against the original and provide a clear source. Misquotations or quotes taken out of context can distort meaning.

Ethical and legal considerations govern quotation. Short excerpts are generally permitted under fair use or fair dealing, but longer quotes may require permission under copyright law. Citing the source helps protect against plagiarism.

Quotations appear across journalism, literature, academic writing, and media. They preserve voice, support claims, and reveal historical perspectives. Style guides outline rules for accuracy, punctuation, and citation.