Põhikooli

Põhikool, or basic school, is the first stage of compulsory education in Estonia. It covers nine school years, from the first grade through the ninth grade, and is typically attended by children aged about seven to sixteen. Education in põhikool is mandatory and provided free of charge in public schools; private schools may operate under the same national standards.

The basis of põhikool is the national core curriculum, which defines the learning objectives and the required subjects. The curriculum usually includes Estonian language and literature, mathematics, science subjects (such as biology, physics, and chemistry), foreign languages, social studies, arts and crafts, music, physical education, and ethics or religion where offered. The system emphasizes literacy, numeracy, critical thinking, digital skills, and social competencies. Many schools organize grades 1–3 as a lower stage and grades 4–9 as an upper stage, often within a single school structure, with a common timetable and integrated teaching where possible.

Assessment in põhikool relies on ongoing evaluation and reporting of pupil progress. At the end of grade 9, students receive documentation of their achievements to support transitions to further education. After completing põhikool, most students continue to upper secondary education (gümnaasium) for three years or enter vocational education and training (VET) programs. The system is overseen by the Ministry of Education and Research, with regional municipalities responsible for implementing schools and curricula.

Põhikool aims to provide a broad, accessible foundation for lifelong learning, civic participation, and pathways to higher education or the workforce.