Pseudotieteitä

Pseudotieteitä, or pseudoscience, refers to a collection of beliefs, claims, and practices that are presented as scientific but lack a basis in the scientific method. These ideas often mimic the language and appearance of legitimate scientific disciplines, but they fail to adhere to the rigorous standards of empirical evidence, falsifiability, and peer review that define genuine science. Pseudoscientific theories typically originate from anecdotal evidence, personal testimony, or appeals to tradition, rather than systematic observation and experimentation.

Key characteristics of pseudoscience include a reliance on vague, untestable, or unfalsifiable assertions. When predictions are made, they are often so imprecise that they can be interpreted to fit any outcome. Furthermore, proponents of pseudoscientific ideas often dismiss or ignore contradictory evidence, or they may selectively present data that appears to support their claims. Critical scrutiny from the scientific community is frequently met with resistance, defensiveness, or accusations of conspiracy.

Common examples of pseudoscience include astrology, which attempts to correlate celestial body positions with human affairs and personality traits, and various forms of alternative medicine that lack scientific validation for their efficacy. Other examples might include creationism presented as a scientific alternative to evolution, or certain theories about paranormal phenomena that are not amenable to scientific investigation. The distinction between science and pseudoscience is crucial for public understanding and informed decision-making.