Pseudonyms

Pseudonyms are fictitious names adopted by individuals to conceal or alter their real identity. They are used across arts, entertainment, publishing, and online contexts. Common forms include pen names or nom de plume for writers, stage names for performers, and online usernames or aliases.

Historically, pseudonyms have served privacy, safety, branding, or social considerations. In literature, pen names allow writers to publish in different genres, maintain anonymity, or circumvent censorship. They have been used to hide gender or social status; notable examples include George Eliot (Mary Anne Evans), George Sand (Amantine Lucile Dupin), and Mark Twain (Samuel Langhorne Clemens). Some authors maintain multiple pen names to appeal to different audiences or markets, such as Robert Galbraith for J.K. Rowling or Dr. Seuss for Theodor Seuss Geisel.

Stage names are common among actors and musicians to improve memorability, avoid discrimination, or comply with union rules. Famous examples include Marilyn Monroe (born Norma Jeane Mortensen), Elton John (Reginald Kenneth Dwight), and Lady Gaga (Stefani Germanotta).

Legal and practical aspects vary by jurisdiction. Individuals may register a trade name or alias for business purposes, and contracts, royalties, and legal rights may be held under a pseudonym. Pseudonyms can raise questions of attribution, accountability, and authenticity, particularly in journalism or scholarship.

In the digital era, pseudonyms persist as online usernames, gamer tags, and social media handles, balancing privacy with reputation and responsibility.