Prostaglandinanaloga

Prostaglandinanalogues, or prostaglandin analogs, are compounds that mimic the actions of natural prostaglandins by activating prostaglandin receptors. They can be endogenous or synthetic and are used to modulate inflammation, vascular tone, smooth muscle activity, and other physiological processes. Pharmacologically, different analogs may selectively engage receptor subtypes such as FP and EP, which influences their tissue-specific effects.

In ophthalmology, the prostaglandin F2α analogs are the most widely used. Examples include latanoprost, travoprost, bimatoprost, and tafluprost. They lower intraocular pressure primarily by increasing uveoscleral outflow of aqueous humor, making them a common first-line treatment for open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Side effects often include conjunctival hyperemia, eyelash growth, iris pigmentation changes, and eyelid skin darkening.

Other clinically important prostaglandin analogs include those used in obstetrics and gastroenterology. Dinoprostone (PGE2) analogs are used for cervical ripening and labor induction, while misoprostol (PGE1 analog) is used to prevent NSAID-induced gastric ulcers and can also induce abortion in appropriate clinical scenarios. Bimatoprost, although used in glaucoma therapy, is also marketed for cosmetic eyelash enhancement.

Administration and safety considerations vary by indication. Ocular prostaglandin analogs are typically administered as eye drops with limited systemic absorption; obstetric and GI indications involve systemic or vaginal routes. Potential adverse effects include local irritation, edema, and, with long-term ocular use, pigment changes in the iris. Caution is advised in pregnancy and with concomitant glaucoma medications.