Proliferationskapazität
Proliferations refer to the spread of weapons, technologies, and know-how that enable the development and use of armaments. In international security, the term most often refers to weapons of mass destruction—nuclear, chemical, and biological arms—as well as delivery systems and the dual-use equipment and expertise that can support them. Proliferation dynamics are described as vertical (expansion of a program within a state) and horizontal (transfer of capabilities to other states or non-state actors).
Since the mid-20th century, efforts to curb proliferation have centered on treaties, verification, export controls, and
Proliferation occurs through illicit procurement networks, front companies, and the transfer of dual-use technologies that have
Policy responses aim to deter, constrain, and ultimately reduce proliferation risk, by combining legal obligations, verification,
Challenges include dual-use ambiguity, enforcement gaps, and rapid advances in science and technology. The growth of