Prolactins

Prolactins are a group of protein hormones primarily produced by the anterior pituitary gland in both males and females. The main form is prolactin, also known as luteotropic hormone or mammotropin, but other related proteins exist. Prolactin plays a crucial role in lactation, stimulating the mammary glands to produce milk after childbirth. Its secretion is regulated by a complex interplay of hormones, including dopamine, which inhibits its release, and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), which stimulates it.

Beyond lactation, prolactin has numerous other functions. It can influence reproductive function, immune responses, and metabolism. In females, elevated prolactin levels can lead to menstrual irregularities and infertility. In males, high prolactin can cause erectile dysfunction and decreased libido. Conditions that cause abnormally high prolactin levels are known as hyperprolactinemia, which can be caused by pituitary tumors (prolactinomas), certain medications, or other medical conditions. Conversely, insufficient prolactin production is rare and can impair lactation. Research continues to explore the full spectrum of prolactin's effects on the body.