Preoperatív

Preoperatív, or preoperative, refers to the period before a surgical procedure when a patient is evaluated, optimized, and prepared for anesthesia and surgery. It encompasses planning for elective operations as well as rapid assessment in urgent cases. The aim is to reduce perioperative risk and improve outcomes.

Evaluation in the preoperatív phase includes a full medical history, physical examination, and medication reconciliation, with targeted investigations guided by age, comorbidities, and the planned operation. Common risk assessment uses the ASA physical status classification and, when appropriate, risk calculators. Routine tests are not performed universally but are guided by clinical indications; typical elements may include complete blood count, coagulation studies, metabolic panel, electrocardiography, and chest imaging.

Optimization focuses on stabilizing medical conditions and minimizing perioperative hazards. This may involve controlling cardiovascular and pulmonary conditions, adjusting medications such as anticoagulants or antiplatelets, optimizing glycemic control in diabetes, and addressing nutritional status and smoking. Prophylaxis for infection and thromboembolism is planned according to guidelines, and antibiotic prophylaxis is given when indicated. Vaccinations or respiratory therapy may be advised for high-risk patients.

The preoperatív process also covers anesthetic planning, airway assessment, patient education, consent, and practical instructions for fasting, medication use, and postoperative expectations. Planning extends to postoperative care, including pain management, mobilization, and discharge criteria. Variations exist by patient group and setting, with guidelines evolving to reduce unnecessary testing and tailor evaluation to individual risk.