PowertoLiquid

Power-to-liquid, commonly shortened as PtL or powertoliquid, designates processes that convert electrical power into liquid hydrocarbon fuels. PtL is a subset of the broader Power-to-X concept and targets fuels that can be used in existing engines and infrastructure, with the aim of decarbonizing transport sectors that are difficult to electrify.

The typical pathway starts with producing hydrogen by electrolysis of water. A source of carbon dioxide—captured from industrial emissions or directly from air—provides the carbon feedstock. The hydrogen and CO2 are combined in catalytic synthesis steps, such as methanol synthesis or Fischer–Tropsch synthesis, to yield liquid hydrocarbons including methanol, synthetic kerosene, diesel, or gasoline. Some projects target aviation fuels (synthetic jet fuel). The overall aim is to create drop-in fuels that can replace conventional fossil fuels without major changes to engines or fuel distribution.

Advantages of PtL include the potential for deep decarbonization of sectors like aviation and shipping when powered by low-emission electricity and low-carbon CO2. PtL fuels are compatible with existing infrastructure and vehicles, offering a near-term transition path without replacing current systems.

Challenges include high energy demands and capital costs, the need for abundant low-carbon electricity, scalable CO2 capture, and the economics of the synthesis processes. Efficiency losses across the supply chain reduce overall energy efficiency compared with direct electricity use. Policy support, carbon pricing, and renewable energy expansion influence commercial viability.

Status of powertoliquid research places it mainly in the pilot and demonstration phase, with several projects exploring commercial viability. Widespread deployment depends on sustained low-cost renewable energy, reliable CO2 supply, and supportive policy frameworks.