PowerSystem

Power system, sometimes referred to as a powersystem, is the network that delivers electric power from generation sources to consumers. It comprises generation facilities, high-voltage transmission lines, substations and transformers, and distribution networks that reach homes and businesses. The system is operated by grid operators who balance supply and demand in real time, maintain system frequency and voltage, and coordinate protection and control equipment.

Generation sources include conventional plants such as coal, gas, and nuclear, as well as renewable resources like hydro, wind, and solar. Transmission networks carry bulk power over long distances at high voltage, while substations and distribution networks step voltage down and route power to end users. Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) and energy management systems enable operators to monitor conditions, forecast demand, dispatch units, and activate reserves.

Key reliability goals are uninterrupted supply, safe operation, and economic efficiency. Operators follow planning criteria such as N-1 to ensure the system can withstand the loss of a single element. Ancillary services, including frequency regulation, spinning reserve, and voltage support, help maintain stability. In addition, protection systems detect faults and isolate affected sections to prevent wider outages.

With the shift toward decarbonization, power systems increasingly integrate variable renewable energy, energy storage, and demand response. This modernization, often described as smart grid development, emphasizes improved monitoring, interoperability, and resilience across interconnected regional grids that share reserves and power flows.