Pounamu

Pounamu, also known as greenstone or nephrite jade, is a mineral highly valued by Māori and other New Zealanders. The Māori name pounamu denotes greenstone and reflects its significance as a taonga (treasured possession). Historically, pounamu was used to make tools and weapons and, later, to craft pendants and carvings. Today it is especially associated with hei-tiki and other carved figures, and is widely worn as jewelry.

Geology and sources: Pounamu is nephrite jade, formed by metamorphic processes. In New Zealand, the best-known pounamu deposits are on the South Island's West Coast, including areas around the Arahura River, where master carvers traditionally sourced material. Pounamu can appear in colors from deep green to olive and mottled patterns; the surface is typically highly polished.

Cultural significance and uses: For Māori, pounamu is a taonga tied to whakapapa and mana. It is passed down through generations and given as gifts to commemorate important events. The carving and shaping of pounamu are ritualized practices performed by skilled carvers within tikanga (customs), with an emphasis on respect for the stone and its spiritual associations.

Contemporary context: Pounamu remains a central element of Māori art and identity and is widely produced and traded in New Zealand and internationally. Modern pieces range from simple pendants to elaborate carvings. Access and extraction of pounamu are governed by iwi and hapū, and ethical and legal considerations emphasize stewardship, kaitiakitanga, and cultural rights.