iwi

Iwi is a Māori term referring to a large kinship group that constitutes a central social, political, and territorial unit in New Zealand. Historically, iwi trace descent from a common ancestor and are linked to a specific rohe (territory). The concept emphasizes whakapapa, genealogical connections that bind individuals to ancestors and to the land, with membership typically inherited through bloodlines.

An iwi usually consists of several hapū (sub-tribes) and operates within a broader traditional framework that includes rangatira (chiefs), tohunga (specialists), and kaumātua (elders). In modern times, iwi governance is carried out by runanga or rūnanga (councils) that represent the iwi, manage resources, oversee cultural sites such as marae, and coordinate with hapū and whānau on social and economic matters.

Iwi play a significant role in the policy and legal landscape of New Zealand through the Treaty of Waitangi. Following historical grievances, many iwi have engaged in settlements with the Crown, which can include redress, resource rights, and mechanisms for ongoing governance and development. This process supports contemporary iwi initiatives in education, health, economic development, and cultural revitalization while preserving traditional responsibilities and relationships within the iwi and with other Māori groups.

Notable iwi include Ngāpuhi, Ngāti Porou, Te Arawa, Ngāi Tahu, Waikato-Tainui, Ngāti Maniapoto, and Tūhoe. Iwi remain a living, evolving aspect of Māori society and New Zealand’s broader cultural and political landscape.