Polytechnics

Polytechnics are higher education institutions that emphasize applied sciences, engineering, technology, and professional training. They typically combine theoretical instruction with practical, project-based learning and close collaboration with industry. Depending on the country, they may award bachelor's and master’s degrees as well as diplomas and certificates.

Historically, polytechnics originated as technical schools in Europe and elsewhere during the 18th to 20th centuries to prepare skilled technicians for industrial advancement. In some jurisdictions they have evolved into degree-granting universities or universities of applied sciences; in others they retain the polytechnic label while expanding research and degree offerings. A notable development occurred in the United Kingdom, where many polytechnics were converted into universities in 1992.

Functions and roles include preparing graduates for technical and professional careers, fostering applied research and innovation, and maintaining strong links with employers and the local economy. They often offer shorter or more flexible pathways for continuing education, professional certification, and retraining.

Global practice varies: some countries maintain separate polytechnic institutes, while others integrate polytechnic education into broader university systems or designate institutions as universities of applied sciences or institutes of technology. The term itself signals a focus on practical, hands-on learning and applied disciplines.