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Polymere

Polymere are large molecules built from repeating units called monomers. Through covalent bonds, these units assemble into long chains that can be linear, branched, or crosslinked. The length and architecture of a polymer determine its physical properties, including strength, elasticity, thermal behavior, and chemical resistance.

Polymere can be natural or synthetic. Natural polymers include cellulose, proteins, DNA, starch, and natural rubber.

Synthesis. Polymerization forms polymers from monomers. It is broadly categorized into addition (chain-growth) polymerization, where active

Applications and properties. Polymere are used in packaging, textiles, automotive parts, electronics, medicine, and construction. They

Environmental and history. Environment: persistence and recycling challenges, with ongoing development of biodegradable polymers and recycling

Synthetic
polymers
include
polyethylene,
polystyrene,
polyvinyl
chloride,
nylon,
and
poly(methyl
methacrylate).
The
properties
and
applications
of
polymers
arise
from
the
choice
of
monomer,
molecular
weight,
and
chain
structure,
such
as
tacticity
and
crystallinity.
centers
add
monomers,
and
condensation
(step-growth)
polymerization,
where
small
molecules
are
released.
Many
techniques
employ
catalysts
or
initiators
to
control
molecular
weight,
architecture,
and
functionality.
offer
low
density,
toughness,
chemical
resistance,
and
design
flexibility,
with
properties
tuned
through
processing
(molding,
extrusion)
and
additives.
technologies.
History:
modern
polymer
science
advanced
in
the
20th
century,
with
notable
milestones
such
as
the
invention
of
Bakelite
and
nylon,
and
extensive
research
into
polymer
physics.