Polistyren

Polystyrene, in Polish known as polistyren, is a synthetic thermoplastic polymer produced from the monomer styrene. It exists in several forms, including general-purpose polystyrene (GPPS), high-impact polystyrene (HIPS, a rubber-modified version), and foams such as expanded polystyrene (EPS) and extruded polystyrene (XPS). GPPS is clear and rigid; HIPS offers greater impact resistance; EPS and XPS are light, cellular foams used mainly for insulation and packaging.

Production occurs by free-radical polymerization of styrene, using bulk, suspension, or emulsion processes. The polymer has a glass transition temperature around 95°C and is relatively lightweight. GPPS density ~1.04 g/cm3; EPS foams have much lower apparent density. GPPS is transparent and rigid; HIPS is tougher due to a dispersed rubber phase.

Common uses include packaging materials, food-service ware, consumer electronics housings, toys, and insulation in building construction (EPS and XPS).

Environmental aspects: polystyrene is not readily biodegradable. Recycling exists but collection and sorting rates are limited; foams like EPS often end up in landfills or the environment. Chemical recycling and energy recovery are areas of research. Handling requires minimizing exposure to styrene, a volatile monomer with potential health hazards.

History: polystyrene was first polymerized from styrene by Eduard Simon in 1839; commercial production began in the mid-20th century, and it has since become one of the most widely used plastics.