Polioptilidae

Polioptilidae is a family of passerine birds, commonly known as gnatcatchers. They are small to medium-sized birds, typically ranging from 10 to 15 centimeters in length. Gnatcatchers are found in the Old World, with the majority of species occurring in Africa and the Middle East. They are known for their distinctive appearance, with a long, forked tail and a slender bill adapted for catching insects.

The family Polioptilidae is divided into two subfamilies: Polioptilinae and Ptiliogonatinae. The Polioptilinae subfamily includes the majority of gnatcatcher species, while the Ptiliogonatinae subfamily contains only one genus, Ptiliogonys, which is found in Africa. Gnatcatchers are insectivorous, feeding on a variety of insects, including flies, beetles, and ants. They are often seen perching on branches or wires, scanning for prey.

Gnatcatchers are known for their agile flight and their ability to hover in mid-air. They are also known for their distinctive calls, which are often described as a series of rapid, stuttering notes. Gnatcatchers are generally solitary birds, except during the breeding season, when they may form pairs. They build cup-shaped nests, typically suspended from branches or wires, and lay a clutch of 3-5 eggs. The incubation period is around 12-14 days, and the fledging period is approximately 14-16 days.

Gnatcatchers play an important role in their ecosystems as insect predators, helping to control insect populations. They are also an important food source for other birds, including swallows and martins. However, many gnatcatcher species are threatened by habitat loss and degradation, and conservation efforts are underway to protect these important birds.