Polineuropátia

Polineuropatia refers to a condition affecting multiple peripheral nerves. Peripheral nerves are those outside of the brain and spinal cord. This widespread damage can lead to a variety of symptoms, often symmetrically affecting both sides of the body. The most common symptoms include weakness, numbness, tingling sensations, and pain, typically starting in the feet and hands and progressing upwards.

The causes of polyneuropathy are diverse. Diabetes mellitus is a leading cause, where high blood sugar levels over time can damage nerve fibers. Other significant causes include vitamin deficiencies, particularly B vitamins like B12, autoimmune diseases such as Guillain-Barré syndrome and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP), infections like Lyme disease, and exposure to toxins, including certain medications and alcohol. Genetic factors can also play a role in some forms of polyneuropathy.

Diagnosis typically involves a thorough medical history, a neurological examination to assess nerve function, and often nerve conduction studies and electromyography (EMG) to evaluate the extent and type of nerve damage. Blood tests may be performed to identify underlying causes like diabetes or vitamin deficiencies. Treatment aims to address the underlying cause if possible and manage symptoms. This can include improving blood sugar control in diabetics, vitamin supplementation, immunosuppressive therapy for autoimmune causes, or discontinuing offending medications. Pain management strategies are also crucial for improving quality of life.