Podchloryn

Podchloryn, in Polish terminology, refers to the hypochlorite ion ClO− and the salts that contain it. The most common forms are sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and calcium hypochlorite (Ca(OCl)2). Hypochlorite solutions are widely used as oxidizing agents and disinfectants.

In aqueous solution, hypochlorite equilibrates with hypochlorous acid (HOCl) depending on pH; HOCl is a particularly effective disinfectant. At higher pH, the hypochlorite ion predominates; at lower pH, HOCl formation increases. The salts are generally water-soluble, with calcium hypochlorite as a solid; sodium hypochlorite is commonly sold as a liquid solution used for bleaching and disinfection.

Production typically involves reacting chlorine gas with sodium hydroxide to form sodium hypochlorite, which can then be converted into other hypochlorite salts. An alternative route is the electrolysis of brine in the chlor-alkali process. Hypochlorites can decompose over time, producing chloride and chlorate, especially under heat, light, or in the presence of catalytic metals.

Uses include disinfection of drinking water and wastewater, sanitization of surfaces, and household bleaching. They are also employed in textile and paper bleaching, and in some food processing applications. Safety and handling require care: hypochlorites are strong oxidizers and can release chlorine gas if mixed with acids. They can irritate the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes; concentrated solutions should be stored cool, in well-ventilated areas, away from acids, ammonia, metals, and heat. Disposal should follow local regulations.