Pneumokokkinfektiot

Pneumokokkinfektiot, also known as pneumococcal infections, are a group of diseases caused by the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae. These bacteria are a leading cause of community-acquired respiratory infections worldwide and can affect individuals of all ages, especially young children, the elderly, and immunocompromised persons.

The spectrum of pneumococcal diseases includes many clinical manifestations such as pneumonia, otitis media (middle ear infection), meningitis, bacteremia (bloodstream infection), and sinusitis. Pneumococcal pneumonia is the most common and can range from mild to severe, often presenting with symptoms like cough, chest pain, fever, and difficulty breathing. Invasive pneumococcal diseases, such as meningitis and bacteremia, are more severe and can lead to significant complications or mortality.

Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets from coughs, sneezes, or close contact with an infected individual. Prevention strategies include vaccination, with pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (e.g., PCV13, PCV15) and pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines (PPV23) being effective in reducing disease incidence. Good hygiene practices and early antibiotic treatment are also important in managing infections.

Treatment typically involves antibiotics, though antibiotic resistance poses a challenge in some regions. Therefore, vaccination and public health measures are crucial components of controlling pneumococcal disease burden. Surveillance and ongoing research continue to improve understanding and management of pneumococcal infections worldwide.