Plasticizera

Plasticizera is a class of additive used to increase the flexibility, workability, and processability of polymers. It typically consists of small molecules or polymeric species that are incorporated into a polymer matrix to reduce intermolecular forces, increase free volume, and lower the glass transition temperature (Tg) and melt viscosity. The resulting material can be softened and made easier to shape without changing the basic polymer backbone.

Common plasticizera substances include phthalate esters (such as DEHP), adipates, and citrate esters, as well as non-phthalate alternatives and polymeric plasticizers. They can be used as external additives (additive plasticizers) or, in some cases, be covalently linked to the polymer (internal or reactive plasticizers) to improve permanence and minimize migration.

Applications of plasticizera are widespread, with PVC-based products being the most prominent—flexible films, cables, flooring, coatings, and adhesives. Other polymers, including polyurethane and some vinyl and acrylic systems, also use plasticizera to tailor softness and processing characteristics.

Selecting a plasticizera involves considering compatibility with the base polymer, desired softness, permanence versus volatility, resistance to extraction and migration, regulatory compliance, and cost. Environmental and health considerations are important: certain plasticizera, notably some phthalates, have faced regulatory restrictions due to migration into end products and potential health effects. This has driven the development and adoption of non-phthalate and polymeric alternatives.

See also: plasticizer, polymer, glass transition temperature, migration (materials).