PitchTuning

Pitch tuning is the process of adjusting the pitch of a musical performance or audio signal so that it aligns with a defined reference pitch, scale, or temperament. It is used in recording, live sound, instrument setup, and digital production to improve intonation, correct mistakes, or achieve a specific artistic effect.

There are manual and automated approaches. Manual tuning involves adjusting the pitch of notes by ear or with a tuner, such as retuning notes in a vocal track or retuning a stringed instrument. Automated pitch correction uses software plug-ins or hardware processors that detect pitch and apply retuning, ranging from subtle corrections to strong, obvious effects. Distinctions are often made between pitch correction (aimed at aligning notes to a scale) and pitch shifting or timbral alteration.

Most Western music uses equal temperament, which divides the octave into 12 equal semitones; however, other tunings such as just intonation, meantone, or microtonal systems can be used in various contexts. Pitch is measured in cents relative to a reference frequency, typically A4 = 440 Hz. Calibration can rely on tuners, spectrum analyzers, or digital audio workstation tools.

Applications span vocal tracking, instrumental retuning, and live performance. The choice of method affects musical realism, articulation, and latency. Critics argue that heavy-handed tuning can compromise natural vibrato and expression, while proponents claim it enables precise intonation and stylistic flexibility. Related topics include pitch correction, autotune, intonation, and microtonality.