Pilnikowanie

Pilnikowanie, or filing, is a manual finishing operation in which material is removed from a workpiece using a hand file (pilnik) to shape, smooth, or fit parts. The process is common in metalworking and can also be applied to wood or plastic, depending on the file type and toughness of the material. It is typically used to achieve precise dimensions, flat or curved surfaces, and well-defined edges.

Files come in various shapes and cuts. Common shapes include flat, round, half-round, triangular, and square, each suited to different geometries. Rasp-like tools provide more aggressive material removal. Tooth configurations include single-cut and double-cut, while specialized files exist for delicate work or hard materials. Files are made from high-carbon steel or alloy steels, and some are diamond or carbide coated for hard workpieces.

The basic procedure involves securing the workpiece, selecting a file appropriate to the geometry and material, and performing controlled strokes to remove small amounts of material. Start with a coarser cut to establish geometry, then progress to finer cuts for finish. Maintain consistent pressure and keep the file flat on the surface; lift it slightly to clear chips and prevent clogging with a file card. Regularly measure the workpiece with calipers or other gauges to check progress.

Applications include fitting joints, deburring edges, and finishing surfaces in mechanical and hobby workshops. Proper safety practices, including eye protection and handling care, are essential. After filing, surfaces may be further refined with polishing or grinding if a very smooth finish is required.