Phosphorylcontaining

Phosphoryl-containing compounds are chemical species that include the phosphoryl group, defined as a phosphorus(V) atom doubly bonded to oxygen (P=O) and singly bonded to other substituents, often oxygen or nitrogen atoms. The phosphoryl group is the defining feature of phosphate esters and related derivatives; many such compounds have the general formula R-O-P(=O)(-OR')-OR'' or, in inorganic salts, POX3.

Common examples include phosphoryl chloride (POCl3), which features a P=O bond and three chlorine substituents; phosphate esters such as triesters (EtO)3P=O or dialkyl phosphates (RO)2P(O)–OH; and biological molecules where phosphoryl groups are linked to sugars or nucleotides, e.g., ATP contains multiple phosphoryl groups essential for energy transfer and signaling.

Chemistry and reactivity: Phosphoryl groups confer high oxidation state at phosphorus and polar P=O bonds, enabling phosphoryl transfer reactions. Reagents such as POCl3 and related chlorophosphates are used to activate alcohols or form phosphate esters; nucleophiles can attack the phosphorus center, displacing leaving groups. In biochemistry, phosphorylation and dephosphorylation regulate protein activity and metabolism.

Applications and significance: Phosphoryl-containing compounds are widespread in biology, medicine, materials science, and agriculture. They include biomolecules like nucleotides and phosphorylated enzymes, as well as synthetic reagents and polymers containing phosphate linkages. The term encompasses a broad range of structures from simple phosphate esters to complex organophosphoryl compounds.