Perustukset

Perustukset, in Finnish, refers to the foundation of a building or structure. It is the lowest part of a building, which transfers the load from the structure to the ground. The primary purpose of a foundation is to provide a stable and level base for the building, preventing settlement, collapse, or damage due to ground movement.

There are several types of foundations, broadly categorized into shallow and deep foundations. Shallow foundations are typically used when the soil conditions near the surface are adequate to support the building's load. Common examples include strip foundations, pad foundations, and raft foundations. Strip foundations are continuous strips of concrete that support load-bearing walls. Pad foundations are individual concrete blocks placed beneath columns. Raft foundations are large, thick concrete slabs that cover the entire footprint of the building, distributing the load over a wider area.

Deep foundations are employed when the surface soil is weak or unstable and cannot support the building's weight. They transfer the load to stronger soil layers or bedrock deeper underground. Piles and piers are common types of deep foundations. Piles are long, slender columns driven or bored into the ground. Piers are similar but are generally larger in diameter and often constructed in situ.

The design of a foundation depends on various factors, including the type of structure, the expected loads, and the soil conditions at the site. Geotechnical investigations are crucial to determine the soil's bearing capacity and identify any potential risks like groundwater or expansive soils. Proper foundation design and construction are essential for the long-term stability and safety of any construction project.