Peracides

Peracides, also known as peracids, are a class of compounds containing the peroxy functional group and are typically formed by attaching a peroxide moiety to an acidic residue. They are strong oxidizing agents used as disinfectants, bleaching agents, and reagents in organic synthesis. Common examples include peracetic acid (CH3COOOH), performic acid (HCOOOH), and m-chloroperbenzoic acid (m-CPBA). Peracids are often prepared in situ by reacting a carboxylic acid with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of an acid catalyst.

Structure and properties: Organic peracids have the general formula R–CO–OOH, where the O–O– bond links the peroxide to a carbonyl-bearing framework. They tend to be more reactive than the parent carboxylic acids and hydrogen peroxide and can decompose exothermically, releasing oxygen. They are powerful oxidizers and can be corrosive to skin and eyes. Stability varies with structure and conditions; concentrated solutions are typically stored cool and away from heat or organics, with inhibitors used as needed.

Production: Peracids are often produced by acid-catalyzed reaction of carboxylic acids with hydrogen peroxide, generating the peracid in situ to minimize hazards associated with handling concentrated oxidants. Specific peracids, such as m-CPBA, can be prepared by oxidation of the corresponding aryl carboxylic acid under controlled conditions.

Applications: In disinfection and sanitation, peracids are valued for broad-spectrum activity and compatibility with equipment materials. In bleaching, they are used for textiles and paper products. In organic synthesis, peracids enable reactions such as epoxidation and Baeyer–Villiger oxidation, frequently employed with catalytic or stoichiometric amounts.

Safety and storage: As strong oxidizers, peracids require appropriate handling, ventilation, and protective equipment. They should be stored in well-sealed containers, away from heat, moisture, and incompatible materials.