Peganum

Peganum is a small genus of flowering plants in the family Nitrariaceae. It comprises a few species, of which Peganum harmala is the best known, commonly called Syrian rue. Description plants in this genus are typically drought-tolerant, with slender stems and simple leaves. Peganum harmala produces small, pale flowers often with darker markings and later a dry capsule that contains several hard seeds.

Distribution and habitat: Peganum harmala is native to arid and semi-arid regions of the Mediterranean basin, North Africa, the Middle East, and Central Asia. It has been introduced to other dry regions and often thrives in poor, rocky or saline soils, including disturbed sites and roadsides.

Phytochemistry and uses: The seeds and other plant parts contain several beta-carboline alkaloids, notably harmine, harmaline, and tetrahydroharmine. These compounds act as monoamine oxidase inhibitors and have attracted interest for pharmacological properties, though their effects can be complex and dose-dependent. Historically, Peganum harmala has been used in traditional medicine and as a source of alkaloids for various preparations; in modern contexts, its use is primarily of ethnobotanical and research interest and is approached with caution due to toxicity.

Safety and toxicity: Ingestion of plant material or seeds can be toxic, causing symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal distress, dizziness, or more severe effects at higher doses. Interactions with monoamine oxidase inhibitors and certain foods or medications can be dangerous. Due to these risks, use is discouraged outside of controlled or traditional contexts and expert supervision.