Pascalian

Pascalian is an adjective relating to Blaise Pascal (1623–1662) and to the body of ideas, writings, and methods associated with him. In scholarly usage, it can describe aspects of his mathematical, physical, ethical, and religious work, as well as later interpretations of his thought.

In mathematics and science, Pascalian often refers to Pascal's contributions to probability theory developed with Fermat, to Pascal's triangle, and to the early mechanical calculator known as the Pascaline. It may also denote studies of Pascal's experiments in hydraulics and pressure, including his investigations into vacuum and fluid mechanics, which helped advance early modern science.

In philosophy and theology, Pascalian describes themes from Pascal's Pensees and related apologetics, including the tension between reason and faith, human finitude and contingency, and the wager that argues for belief in God as a rational bet under uncertainty. The term is used to categorize arguments, rhetorical styles, or modes of thought that blend logical calculation with existential reflection.

Usage and influence: The term appears in history of science, philosophy of religion, and literary studies to designate approaches influenced by Pascal. While most common in reference to Pascal himself, "Pascalian" can describe a broader lineage of thought that emphasizes both rational inquiry and the limits of human understanding, often with a pragmatic or apologetic orientation.