Parfume

Parfume is a term encountered in perfumery referring to a fragrance concentrate intended to impart a lasting scent. In English, the standard spelling is perfume; parfum is the French form, and parfume is uncommon and often appears only in brand names or transliterations. When people refer to the most concentrated form of fragrance, they are usually talking about parfum extrait or extrait de parfum.

Composition: Parfume is typically composed of perfume oils blended with a solvent. In extrait/parfum, the concentration of aromatic compounds is high (roughly 20–40%), with little water and minimal alcohol, producing a scent that lasts longer. Lesser-diluted forms such as eau de parfum, eau de toilette, or cologne use more solvent and less perfume oil, reducing longevity.

Notes and structure: Fragrances are built from top notes, middle (heart) notes, and base notes. Top notes are perceived first; middle notes emerge after several minutes; base notes provide longevity and fixatives help retain the scent. Fragrance families include floral, oriental, woody, fresh, and fougère.

History: The use of scented oils and resins dates to ancient civilizations. Modern perfumery developed in Europe during the 18th and 19th centuries with the invention of synthetic aroma chemicals, expanding aromatic palettes and stability. Today, parfum-style products exist alongside lighter concentrations for daily wear.

Usage and storage: Parfume should be stored away from light and heat. Because of their concentration, only a small amount is needed; over-application can be overwhelming. Proper storage and application practices help preserve the fragrance over time.