PWMflicker
PWMflicker refers to perceptible light fluctuation caused by pulse-width modulation used to control brightness in electronic lighting and displays. It occurs when the modulation frequency and duty-cycle variations create intensity changes that the eye or camera sensors detect. PWMflicker is most noticeable with high-contrast scenes, slow dimming transitions, or at low PWM frequencies, and can arise in single-LED or multi-LED arrays due to driver electronics, nonlinearity in LED response, or poor ripple filtering.
Mechanism: PWM rapidly switches the supply on and off. The average current is set by the duty
Perception and health: Some people experience eye strain, headaches, or migraines from PWM flicker. Perception declines
Measurement and standards: Flicker is assessed with photodiodes and flicker meters, evaluating modulation depth and temporal
Mitigation and design considerations: To reduce PWM flicker, engineers raise PWM frequency, employ constant-current drivers with