POCUS

POCUS, or point-of-care ultrasound, refers to the practice of performing focused ultrasound examinations at the bedside to address immediate clinical questions. Unlike comprehensive radiology studies, POCUS is performed by the treating clinician to guide diagnosis and management in real time. It relies on portable ultrasound devices, ranging from palm-sized probes to cart-based systems, using different transducers (linear for superficial structures, curvilinear for deeper organs, phased array for cardiac imaging).

Common applications include the focused assessment with sonography in trauma (FAST/eFAST), assessment of pericardial effusion, evaluation of left ventricular function, detection of pleural effusion and pneumothorax, assessment of abdominal free fluid, guidance for vascular access, and limited evaluation of the liver, kidneys, and bladder. More recently, POCUS is used in emergency medicine, critical care, anesthesia, obstetrics, and primary care.

Advantages include rapid bedside information, guiding procedures, reduced need for radiation, and potential cost savings. Limitations include operator dependence, variability in image quality, a limited field of view, and the risk of misinterpretation when used without full imaging expertise. It does not usually replace formal imaging when comprehensive evaluation is needed.

Training varies by country but typically involves formal education, hands-on scanning experience, and competency assessment. Certification pathways exist through professional societies. Safety is favorable, as ultrasound uses no ionizing radiation; however, overuse or misinterpretation can cause harm.

Future developments include AI-assisted image interpretation, expanded protocols, and broader use across specialties, with ongoing efforts to standardize terminology and quality assurance.