Ostropales

Ostropales is an order of fungi that includes lichen-forming and non-lichen-forming species. The order is characterized by its diverse range of ascocarp morphologies, which can be apothecial or perithecial. Ostropales are found worldwide in a variety of habitats, from tropical rainforests to arid deserts. Many species are epiphytic, growing on trees and shrubs, while others are found on rocks, soil, or decaying organic matter.

A notable feature of many Ostropales is their symbiotic relationship with algae or cyanobacteria, forming lichens. These lichens exhibit a wide array of colors and growth forms, playing important ecological roles in nutrient cycling and as bioindicators. The fungal partner, known as the mycobiont, provides structure and protection, while the photobiont (alga or cyanobacterium) produces food through photosynthesis.

Some of the more well-known genera within Ostropales include *Ophiostoma*, a group of fungi often associated with bark beetles and known for causing tree diseases, and *Graphis*, which are crustose lichens often found on bark. The classification of Ostropales has undergone revisions with advances in molecular phylogenetic studies, which have helped to clarify the evolutionary relationships within this diverse group of fungi. Research continues to explore the ecological significance, biochemical diversity, and potential applications of Ostropales species.