Ostracization

Ostracization, also called ostracism, refers to the practice or experience of excluding or banishing a person or group from social interaction and participation within a community. The term derives from the Greek ostrakizein, meaning to vote with potsherds (ostraka) used to banish individuals in ancient Athens, where a person could be exiled for ten years.

Ostracism can be enacted by individuals, groups, or institutions, and may be overt (direct rejection, gossip, social sanctions) or covert (silent treatment, withdrawal of invitations). It occurs across settings such as families, schools, workplaces, and online communities (cyberostracism). The phenomenon involves both actions by others and, in some cases, self-imposed withdrawal from social contact.

The experience and effects of ostracization are well documented in social psychology. It threatens belonging and self-esteem and can trigger social pain, which engages neural and emotional processes similar to physical pain. Short-term ostracism may prompt conformity or efforts to regain acceptance, while chronic exclusion can contribute to stress, depression, anxiety, perceived meaninglessness, withdrawal, or aggression. Individual differences, context, and perceived controllability influence outcomes.

Coping and intervention strategies include seeking supportive relationships, engaging in meaningful activities, and reframing the experience. In organizational and educational settings, promoting inclusive norms, transparent communication, and anti-harassment policies can reduce the incidence and harm of ostracization. Overall, ostracization highlights the central human need for belonging and the potential harm caused by exclusion. See also social exclusion, shunning, and peer rejection.