Ostracisme

Ostracisme, also known as ostracism in English, refers to the exclusion of individuals or groups from social interactions, networks, or participation in a community. The term derives from the Greek word ostrakismos, a historic practice in ancient Athens in which citizens could banish a figure for ten years by vote, thereby removing them from civic life without corporal punishment.

In contemporary use, ostracisme describes both voluntary and involuntary exclusion that occurs in families, schools, workplaces, and online communities. It can be deliberate, such as ignoring someone or withdrawing attention, or implicit, through signals that reduce contact or communication. Ostracisme differs from related phenomena like bullying or discrimination, though the two can overlap in their effects.

Psychological research shows that ostracism threatens basic social needs for belonging, control, self-esteem, and meaningful existence. Short-term consequences often include hurt feelings and mood changes, while longer-term exposure can contribute to loneliness and anxiety. Experimental work, including paradigms that simulate social exclusion, demonstrates that ostracism elicits distress and can influence subsequent behavior, sometimes increasing conformity or retreat from social interaction.

Coping with ostracisme often involves seeking alternative social connections, reaffirming personal values, or engaging in actions that restore a sense of inclusion. Prevention and intervention focus on fostering inclusive norms, clear communication, and opportunities for participation to mitigate harmful effects on individuals and groups.